As It Is in Heaven (2004)

As It Is in Heaven (2004) The film As It Is in Heaven (2004) dwells upon some of the most important planning issues. It portrays the difference between two cultures, urban and rural. It goes without saying that these two cultures shape people’s behavior and their ways of life.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on As It Is in Heaven (2004) specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the basic differences between the two cultures is community environment. For instance, in urban areas there can hardly be the notion of neighborhood, since in urban areas people are concerned with their problems and do not pay attention to what is going on around them. On the contrary, rural areas are characterized by certain community environment where people know each other, and often intervene in each other’s lives. It is important to add that public opinion is what people in urban areas ignore in the majority of cases. People simply have no time to watch a fter someone else. Besides, there are far too many people in urban areas, so everyone is almost invisible in such a crowd. However, in rural areas people try to have positive image and take into account the public opinion, the opinion of people living in the neighborhood. This peculiarity of rural areas is revealed in the film. For instance, many people (especially women) try to make their neighbors conduct in accordance with high morality. Such people as Siv even have no time for their private life since they keep an eye on the neighborhood. It goes without saying that such peculiarities of culture shape people’s behavior. As far as urban areas are concerned, people enjoy much individual freedom and that is why they are bolder, so to speak. As for rural communities people do not have much of individual freedom. People are afraid to do something that can evoke negative attitude of neighbors. Some may say that it is good since people in rural areas are watched and will have to conduct properly. However, this is not the case. In rural areas people often misbehave, but try to conceal their inappropriate behavior. Thus, Gabriella is beaten by a husband and community did not affect her husband to prevent that disgraceful behavior. However, rural areas provide people with something that cannot be underestimated. In rural areas people feel the support of their neighbors and whenever something bad happens they can count on others to help them. There is almost nothing of this kind in urban areas where people often feel lonely and depressed because of the lack of support and even communication.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I have experience in both cultures so I can point out positive and negative point in both of them. The negative facets of these cultures are as follows: in urban areas people are too distant from each other, and in rural areas i t is sometimes quite hard to feel free. However, I must say that in rural area it is easier to live since people feel support and can count on their neighborhood. I was lucky to live in a rural area where people were not so concerned with morality, and there was quite a lot of individual freedom. Thus, every rule has exceptions, and in urban areas people sometimes feel support. On balance, I would like to point out that proper and effective planning presupposes that all the peculiarities of these two areas are taken into account. Perfect area for living should include positive points of both cultures and should not have negative facets of these cultures.

Chinese film review essays

Chinese film review essays The most exciting event in contemporary Chinese cinema was the emergence of the Fifth Generation filmmakers in the early 1980s. These young filmmakers, who graduated from Beijing Film Academy when it reopened after the Cultural Revolution, were given the opportunity to make films at minor studios in the interiors of China. They immediately set themselves the task of modernizing Chinese cinema. Reinforced by a number of middle-aged filmmakers, they helped create what is now generally known as the Chinese new Wave, a cinema noted for its artistic inventiveness, its reappropriation of the rich culture heritage of the nation and eagerness to deal with social issues (www.usc.edu/isd/archives/asianfilm/china/newcinema.html). It is not my purpose here to offer a comprehensive review of the Fifth generation and the role they have played in shaping the course of Chinese cinema. The following notes constitute an attempt to understand them and to identify historical perspectives as well as cult ural perspective through a formal feature of the films e.g. thematic concerns, techniques, symbols, and the characters in the film. Among Chinese cinemas, there are The Family, Raise the Red Lantern, Ju Dou, and Yellow earth that can be good examples. I shall therefore examine four movies which are The Family, Raise the Red Lantern, Ju Dou, and Yellow earth respectively through all aspects as stated. The Family is considered as a classic work which is well-illustrated about the conflict between the old generation and the young generation in the family. Moreover, this film is associated with the May Fourth Movement which can be understood to encompass the year between 1917 and 1921 (www.orpheus.ucsd.edu). The novel which it was based on was written by an active participant of the movement. For the first illustration, movie depicts patriarchal-structured family. The head of the family is an old man named master Kao, he holds tightly...

The Impact of the Physician Assistant in Modent Health Care Research Paper

The Impact of the Physician Assistant in Modent Health Care - Research Paper Example Nevertheless, physician assistants provide affordable healthcare to the public. Physician assistants, or PAs, should primarily act as assistants to a doctor. Nevertheless, some states in the country overlook this factor and allow PAs to operate alone insofar as they fulfilled the other basic requirements of certification. While the first program for PAs started in1965, the government’s role in the programs was only in the 1970s when it instituted legislation meant to regulate the operations of PAs. Thus, the pioneers were medics from the military although most PAs are currently women. Nevertheless, the program has developed overtime with PAs said to offer 80% quality healthcare in comparison to medical doctors. With the development of this concept of PAs, there are some notable positive impacts to the modern medicine. One such impact is the availability of healthcare to a larger population, which would be impossible in an environment where there were no PAs. In this case, most PAs operate in areas where the doctors cannot reach. Thus, a larger population of the country has access to healthcare brought to their neighborhoods by the PAs. Secondly, PAs offer cost effective treatment and quality care. In this case, the cost of healthcare is cheaper due to the services provided by the PAs who ensure a healthy nation. Finally, PAs ensure that doctors concentrated on cases that required extra attention due to their complexity in nature. The impact of the Physician Assistant in Modern Health Care In life, not every professional can handle all of his or her workload. In effect, it is important to have assistants in various professions who can help and relief some of the workload. The medical profession is not an exception. In this regard, the doctors cannot perform all the roles of treatment and continue to provide care to their patients. Most fundamentally, doctors require nurses, who provide a supportive role during treatment and the process of care. Furthermor e, doctors also need other various personnel in their profession in order for them to perform their duties effectively. One such example of these personnel is physician assistants, commonly known as PAs. By their very own definition, the physician assistant is a title given to personnel in the medical profession who perform a portion of the roles performed by the traditional physician. In this regard, a PA’s role is under the supervision of a physician, and they cannot take the complicated cases, which is the responsibility of the traditional physician. Despite the role of the PA being a relatively young role in the medical profession, this role has grown overtime and has become an essential component in modern healthcare system. While physician assistants training programs traces their origin to the 1960s, the government started developing an interest in the program in the 1970s and developed standards for training and certification (Vorvick, 2011). In this regard, President Nixon noted the need for assistants in the medical profession while addressing the congress and observed that: One of the most promising ways to expand the supply of medical care and to reduce its costs is through a greater use of allied health personnel, especially those who work as physician’s and dentist’s assistants, nurse pediatric practitioners, and nurse midwives. Such persons are trained to perform tasks which must otherwise be performed by doctors themselves, even though they do not

Affirmative Action Policies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Affirmative Action Policies - Essay Example Only in the late decades of the last century the federal government and the Supreme Court, Republicans and Democrats, and various human rights organizations implemented systematic approach to resolve the problem of discrimination in employment and education, but the results were usually inconsiderable. Racial conflicts and discrimination persisted as well as attempts to eliminate them. In the second half of the 20th century the latter were labeled as 'affirmative action' policies. The origins of these policies dates back to 1961, when President John F. Kennedy issued Executive Order number 10925 proclaiming the 'affirmative action' policy the central axis of the US employment and educational policies. The Civil Rights Act became the next step toward elimination of discrimination in the United States. After its approval in 1964, the necessity emerged to change a number of traditional policies and official procedures, such as seniority status and aptitude tests, which included discriminatory provisions. In 1965 President Lyndon Johnson signed his Executive Order number 11246 stating that all government contractors and subcontractors were obliged "to take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin". The order was immediately followed by a series of lawsuits that supported the policy of affirmative action. Thus, the Supreme Court ruling in Griggs vs. Duke Power Company case invalidated i ntelligence tests and several other discriminating criteria in employment. The newly created governmental institutions, the Office of Federal Contract, had to implement the order (Encyclopedia Americana, 1985: 241). The contemporary meaning of the term 'affirmative action' has not changed over years. The initial purpose of affirmative action also remained unchanged: elimination of racial, sexual, ethnic, disability, or any other discrimination. In 1996, President William Clinton defined affirmative action as "an effort to develop a systematic approach to open the doors of educational, employment, and business development opportunities to qualified individuals who happen to be members of groups that have experienced long-standing and persistent discrimination" (Clinton, 1996: 131). In the recent years the affirmative programs has become one of the most widely discussed domestic issues in the United States. A number of analysts tend to consider the affirmative action policy a very effective tool that significantly reduced discrimination against non-white and female population of the United States. However, there is also an opinion that the affirmative efforts have been nothing but a great illusion from the very beginning: the positive results were made up to justify huge sums of money spent on implementation of affirmative programs. Although both standpoints have seemingly strong arguments, it will be closer to the truth to state that affirmative action policies largely failed. Main Discussion First of all, there are credible data that demonstrates the increase in well-being of some representatives of racial minorities was achieved not at the expense of the white majority, but at the expense of other representatives of the same minority: "The civil rights movement, anti-discrimination

Discuss the reasons why Aung San Suu Kyis struggle for democracy in Essay

Discuss the reasons why Aung San Suu Kyis struggle for democracy in Myanmar (Burma) has been unsuccessful so far. Identify what you consider to be the most important reason - Essay Example The current rule in Myanmar is considered to be one of the most offensive and repressive reign of the world at present. Many laid their lives, properties and careers’ trying to rise against this injustice but the struggle never seemed to meet its political and poetic end. Minorities fled from the country for the fear of being dealt with biasness. People of Burma finally rose against the prevalent violence and economic mismanagement in 1988 but perhaps God had to test them a bit more. The demonstrators were targeted, dealt with brutality and even killed. Hundreds of families lost their men only to witness the ruling military junta further strengthen itself. In the sea of miseries when the sun of a new day had totally been eclipsed, one ray of hope emerged from the darkness- Aung San suu Kyi. The world’s one and only imprisoned noble peace prize winner, Ms. Suu Kyi was perhaps leading a contented life with her family, when she realized her duty to her country and its people. Ambassador of Burma in D.C called her as â€Å"ordinary housewife† but she proved herself extraordinary, the way she compromised her family and twenty years of her life for democracy in Myanmar. The walk to democracy might not have been so long, had the military junta accepted the result of 1990 general election and let the winning National League for Democracy and its secretary Suu Kyi assume the office. Instead she was put under house arrest. Fourteen out of the last twenty years of her life has been spent under house arrest where no visitation by the family members or party people has been allowed. Yet, despite being the most popular political leader in Myanmar, she had to put in much more than the required efforts. Problems faced in the way of democracy: It’s difficult to comprehend the reasons of NLD’s constant failure in its efforts to restore democracy after it had nearly cleanly swept its opposition in the general elections. In

Computer Guided Template-Based Dental Implant

Computer Guided Template-Based Dental Implant Abstract: The introduction of implants to dentistry has helped many edentulous patients to have a more reliable functional and esthetic alternative to fixed and removable prosthetic appliances. The optimal 3-dimensional positioning of the implants secures the best function and esthetic of the final restoration and at the same time avoids the biomechanical complications and failure that might take place subsequent to the wrong positioning of the implants. The aim of this project: is to highlight the importance of placing the implants in the optimal 3-D position. Computer guided template-based implant placement will be discussed as a precise and predictable tool in the planning and in the execution of the implant placement. The objective: is to enable the placement of the implant in a way that secures the highest predictable success with the least complications. Materials and Methods: Out of 350 downloaded relevant articles only 161 articles were chosen and referenced. The excluded articles were either written in languages other than English, descriptive of new fabrication methods of surgical guides, single case reports or experimental done on small sample size{less than 5}. Results: Most of the revised papers are case series or experimental studies done on animals or cadavers. Even the systematic reviews were based on those articles. Computerized tomography (CT) and interactive software programs are proven to be important for accurate treatment planning. The accuracy of transferring the treatment plan precisely by the aid of CAD/CAM fabricated surgical guide to the patient mouth are reported to be more predictable than free hand implant placement especially in the compromised cases. Conclusion: The published literature highlighted the higher predictability, accuracy and precision of computer guided template based implant placement over conventional free hand placement; but supporting strong evidence is lacking. Good controlled clinical studies with long term follow up is needed in this regard. For the time being and with the reported high success of conventional free hand implant placement, it seems that free hand implant placement seems to be predictable at least in the hands of experts or with the uncompromised cases. Introduction: In the 19th century many aspects of life were affected by the industrial revolution, especially in sciences and manufacturing. Dentistry was not an exception of this. However, it was in the Victorian era when the basis of modern dental care was first set. A large number of the developments in dentistry were just modifications of industrial inventions. Many of such developments were impossible before the introduction and use of electricity, which led to the invention of more complex surgery equipments {Gelbier S, 2005}. Another very important development took place as a consequence of the invention and the use of computers in the various fields of dentistry {Schleyer Titus K.L., 1999}.Computer guided implant placement is one of the aspects that shows how dentistry has got use to the computer and its science { Azari A. and Nikzad S.; 2008}. In fact, it is true that the advancement in dentistry and the increased public awareness public of the importance of keeping their teeth healthy have led to the decreased frequency of edentulism. Such declination varies not only among different countries but also among the different geographic regions within the same country and among the different groups of people of different cultural and social backgrounds. However, it is predicted that in the next few decades, there will be very low proportions of edentulism in elderly persons (over 65 years). Teeth loss increases with age, this means that in the future edentulism will occur at later stages in life {Lang NP Muller F. 2007; Lang N.P. De Bruyn H., 2009}. In such situations and in addition to the natural delays in the healing of elder individuals {Goodson 3rd WH Hunt TK 1979}; the patients at that age will be most properly affected by co-morbidities and unfavorable ageing conditions like osteoporosis, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus , hypothyroidism and chronic renal disease which are among the diseases that negatively affect the bone quality and consequently implant success. Some older age related diseases like Parkinsonism, Alzheimer can affect the ability to perform adequate oral hygiene and this may lead to inflammation and bone loss around implants {Roberts WE. et al.1992; Elsubeihi ES. Zarb GA. 2002; Marder MZ. 2004}.For this, dental professionals need to develop their skills and to use new techniques that offer the patients with the safest, accurate results and the least morbidity and to be able to manage such elder patients and their unfavorable conditions which sometimes may preclude the placement of the implants {Lang NP Muller F, 2007; Lang N.P. De Bruyn H., 2009}. Back ground: Traditionally, lost teeth were replaced by removable partial dentures {RPD}, fixed partial dentures {FPD} and complete dentures in cases of full edentulism { Bragger U et al 2005}. Since the introduction of implants to dentistry by Branemark{1977}, many of the edentulous patients have been able to have more reliable functional and esthetic alternative to fixed and removable prosthetic appliances{Lang N.P. De Bruyn H., 2009}. The increasing Demand for implant retained restorations in the last few decades resulted in the need for new improved techniques to ensure the most proper implant position to restore the patient properly {Ganz S.D,2001} . Historically the implants were placed where there is bone { Kopp et al 2003}. They were considered successful when integration is achieved {Branemark et al.1977}. However, as the functional and esthetic demands of the patients have increased significantly; the success of implant-supported restorations is no more only related to the level of implant integration in the bone but also to the proper positioning of the implants and subsequent prosthetic outcome{ Lal et al.2006}. For this proper treatment planning has become mandatory. The main goal of the treatment plan is to place the implants in the optimal position as dictated by function and esthetics of the definitive restoration. This in turn avoids the biomechanical complications and failure that might take place subsequent to the wrong positioning of the implants {Garber DA Belser UC. 1995; Kopp et al. 2003 Park et al. 2009}. The aim of this project: is to highlight the importance of placing the implants in the optimal 3-D position. Computer guided template-based implant placement will be discussed as a precise and predictable tool in the planning and in the execution of the implant placement. The objective is to enable the placement of the implant in a way that secures the highest predictable success with the least complications. Materials and Methods: Multiple searches have been made through Science Direct and Google Scholar. The following key words were used with different combinations: systematic review, computer-guided, computer-assisted, image-guided, robots, dental implants, complications, treatment planning, radiography, computerized tomography, accuracy, flapless surgery, zygomatic implant, bone density, augmentation volume, immediate loading, free hand surgery, Steriolithographic templates. As the topic of computer guided implant placement is a modern topic; the selected articles were limited to the articles published from the year 2000 up to 2010. However some older but relevant articles were hand searched, selected and referenced. Almost 350 articles were found to be relevant to the different points to be covered in the project were downloaded; after reading their abstracts it was found that many of them were either clinical case series and reports or experimental studies made on animals or cadavers, many of the systemat ic reviews were found but again nearly all of them were based on the mentioned articles. The articles of single case reports and the experimental studies with very small sample {less than five} size were excluded. Also, the articles that focus on the fabrication of new surgical guides were excluded. Articles in languages other than English are excluded too. Only 161 were selected and referenced in this project. Results: Most of the revised articles concerning the accuracy of CAD/CAM template based implant placement are case series or experimental studies done on animals or cadavers. Even the systematic reviews were based on those articles. Based on the revised articles; computerized tomography (CT) and interactive software programs are proven to be important for accurate treatment planning. The accuracy of transferring the treatment plan precisely by the aid of CAD/CAM fabricated surgical guide to the patient mouth are reported to be more predictable than free hand implant placement especially in the compromised cases. Discussion: Complications associated with improper implant positioning: Marginal bone loss and consequent mechanical and esthetic problems: The correlation of marginal bone loss and improper positioning of the implant is reported in the literature. The wrong angulation of the implant is usually compensated by the use of angled abutments, in this situation the load carried by the implant is mostly off-axis, such unfavorable load leads to the bone destruction around the implant and other mechanical complications like screw loosening, fracture and/or implant fracture {Chun-Li Lin et al., 2005 Saab X. E. et al 2007}.The improper placement labially, will lead to thin labial bone and subsequent bone loss and gum recession{Buser D. et al. 2004}, lingually, in addition to the thinning of lingula bone it results in emergence problems as seen with ridge-lap restorations. Such restorations are difficult to maintain and consequent inflammation and bone loss is unavoidable {Tarnow DP. 1995; Belser UC. et al. 1998}. The placement of the implant too close to the adjacent tooth can cause resorption of the inter-proximal alveolar crest {Esposito M. et al. 1993; Thilander B. et al. 1999}. If the implant is placed too far apically using extensive countersinking, the polished implant collar will come into contact with the bone and this in turn induces bone resorption because polished surface does not integrate {Buser D. et al. 1991a; HÃÆ'Â ¤mmerle et al. 1996}, also the micro gap will come closer to bone and unnecessary bone loss will take place. Disuse atrophy due to subnormal mechanical stimulation is another explanation for bone loss around polished implant neck or crest modulous {Al-Sayyed, A. et al. 1994; Vidyasagar L. Apse P. 2004}. Nerve injury: Altered sensation of the lower lip as a result of inferior alveolar nerve injury is one of the serious complications of mandibular implant osteotomies {Bartling et a. 1999; Vazquez L. et al. 2007}.This is especially if the magnification factor on the panoramic radiograph is misinterpreted {Vazquez L. et al. 2007}. The injury of the mental nerve can also lead to the same symptoms; the mental foramen is an important landmark during surgical procedures in the lower premolar area. it is usually located at the apex of the second mandibular premolar or between apices of thetwo premolars. However, in some cases its location can vary from the mandibular canine to the first molar. Unfortunately, The foramen may not appear on conventional two dimensional radiographs, in this condition a computerized tomography (CT) scans are important as they are more accurate for the detection of the mental foramen than conventional radiographs { Bartling et a. 1999 , Greenstein Tarnow, 2006}. Lingual bundle: Though it is rare complication, the wrong implant placement in the mandible may lead to the perforation of lingual cortex with a great possibility of lingual bundle injury with a subsequent fatal bleeding and hematoma formation. Under the effect of profuse bleeding and as a result of the progressive expansion of the lingual, sublingual, sub- mandibular, and sub-mental hematomas ; the tongue and the floor of the mouth can be displaced leading to the rapid and complete obstruction of the airway {Mordenfeld A et al. 1997 and Kalpidis Setayesh , 2004}. Devitalization of the adjacent teeth: In addition to the risk of losing the inter-proximal bone {Esposito M. et al. 1993; Thilander B. et al. 1999}; the placement of the implants in close proximity to the adjacent teeth may lead to the loss of the teeth vitality especially if the roots are injured during drilling for implant placement {Jemt T. Pettersson P. 1993; Rubenstein J.E. Taylor T.D. 1997; Goodacre CJ. et al. 1999 Schwartz-Arad D. et al. 2004}. Other possible rare but serious complications: Some other rare complications can take place due to poor treatment plan and wrong implant placement like perforation of nasal and sinus floor {Nahlieli O. et al 2008},injury of the submandibular and/or sublingual salivary glands {Nahlieli O. et al 2008},mandibular fracture especially in osteoporotic and atrophied mandible{ Raghoebar G.M. et al.2000 Meijer H.J.A. et al. 2003}. Criteria of optimal implant position: The ideally placed implant should be surrounded by uniform bone volume and density; this provides the implant with a good bony support against the multi directional long term loading. A minimum of more than 1 mm bone thickness is recommended to keep around the body of the implants {Nancy L.C., 1993}. In addition, the implant ideally should be placed in the geometric centre of the crown; this reduces the off axis loading and prevents many of the biomechanical complications and its subsequent poor esthetic outcomes {Galanis C.C et al. 2005 2007}. Implant tooth distance: A minimum of 1- 1.5 mm distance between the implant surface and the adjacent teeth needs to be respected {Buser D. et al 2004}. However, a 3 mm distance between the implant and an adjacent natural tooth is recommended to minimize the potential for damage to the supporting structures of the natural teeth {Adell et al, 1986; Hobo et al, 1989}. Implant to implant distance: To avoid bone resorption in-between the adjacent implants; a minimum of 3 mm inter-implant distance is recommended {Hobo et al, 1989 Traini et al. 2007}. Implant to vital structure distance: To avoid nerve injury during implant surgery in the mandible, some guidelines should be considered with respect to verifying the position of the mandibular and/ or the mental foramen and to validate the presence of the anterior loop of the mental nerve. These guidelines included leaving a 2 mm as safety zone between the implant and the nerve. Once the safety zone is identified, implants can be placed safely; and before the placement of any implant anterior to the mental foramen that is deeper than the safety zone, the mental foramen must be explored to verify the possibility that an anterior loop is there {Buser Von Arx 2000, Greenstein Tarnow, 2006}. In consideration of the risk of surgical complications during implant placement, bone grafting or other surgical procedures where risk is anticipated, a CT examination should routinely be performed before any surgical approach { Ganz S.D,2001; Scaravilli MS, et al 2009 Naitoh et al. 2010}. To reduce the probability of such serious complication, some preventive measures should be taken before, during, and after implant placement in the anterior part of the mandible, among such measures are the awareness of the regional arterial anatomy, proper treatment planning through radiographic and clinical evaluation of the osseous morphology, and the right angulation and length of the selected implant and finally the skill of the surgeon {Kalpidis Setayesh , 2004}. Dental CT is a valuable tool for the assessment of jaw bone anatomy and can easily demonstrate the occurrence, position, diameter and course of the lingual vascular canals of the mandible; for this, a CT examination should routinely be performed before any surgical procedure to the anterior region of the mandible to verify the presence of the mandibular lingual vascular canal {MLVC} and to evaluate the lingual cortical bone thickness and density to avoid perforations and the life threatening bleeding {Scaravilli MS, et al 2009 Naitoh et al. 2010}. Distribution of the implants in edentulous jaws: Ideal implant distribution and placement is critical in order to secure the optimal mechanical and esthetic outcome of the definitive restorations as well as enabling the patients to maintain proper hygiene. The placement of the implants in the inter-proximal positions may cause problems from an aesthetic, mechanical and hygiene perspective {Jivarj S., 2006}. Also, the antero-posterior distribution of the implants should allow equal distribution of load over a wide area with minimal cantilever length {Adell R et al. 1990; Palmqvist S et al 1994 Jivarj S., 2006}. When multiple implants are placed to retain a prosthetic appliance; parallelism between the implants should be secured otherwise the unfavorable off-axis loading will not be avoidable {Arfai N.K. Kiat-amnuay S. 2007}. In the case of implant and tissue supported overdentures both implant placement and distribution become critical; where the Implants have to be placed so that when a bar is constructed it has a straight line c onnection between the implants and does not encroach on the palatal/lingual denture bearing area. The distribution of implants should also be in the way so that adequate space is available for the clip {Jivarj S., 2006}. When more force from the opposing occlusion- on the implants are anticipated more implants should be placed to share the load {Jivarj S., 2006}. Treatment planning: Until recently the main concern was directed to the surgical aspect of implant placement {Ganz S.D, 2001}. The implants were planned to be placed where the bone is found {Kopp et al 2003}. The esthetic and functional outcome of the final prosthesis was not much considered {Ganz S.D, 2001}. The new concept of prosthetically driven treatment planning and implant placement requires careful evaluation of the surgical site. In addition, it must relate the 3-D location of the future prosthetic restoration to the optimal 3-D implant position. This position must be discussed and agreed on between the restorative dentist and the dental surgeon {Garber DA Belser UC, 1995, Kopp et al 2003 Park et al. 2009}. In the early days dentists who were believing in this concept {prosthetic driven} were mostly dependant on conventional radiography, wax-up prostheses and/or surgical templates made on the hard stony surfaces of the study casts, and to overcome the problem of transferring the plan to the operative site, customized radiographic and surgical templates have become an integral part of treatment (Becker CM Kaiser DA. 2000, Almog DM et al.2001}. Very soon later, it was found that the hard surface of casts is not equal to the soft tissue surface of the oral cavity, and this method may not be as accurate as necessary for treatment purposes. Additionally, it was established that templates fabricated on the study cast without knowledge of the exact anatomy below the surface cannot be considered reliable {Lal K. et al. 2006 and Widmann G Bale JR 2006}. The traditional tools for the treatment planning of dental implants include detailed clinical examination, panoramic, cephalometric and peri-apical x-ray films, diagnostic wax-up and articulated study models. Other diagnostic aids may include photography and ridge mapping technique for the assessment of the implant bone sites. Advanced diagnostic tools such as tomography, digital radiography, and CT scan film allow for a more accurate pre-surgical evaluation sites { Traxler M. 1992, Tyndall D. A. et al. 2000, Flanagan D. 2001, Ganz S.D,2001, Perez A.M. et al 2005, Guerrero M. E. 2006, Chen Lung-Cheng 2008, Loubele M. et al 2008}. Study models: Accurately mounted casts are critical in assessing prosthetic and inter-occlusal space limitations. Spatial constraints must be considered as a matter of practicality {Jivraj S et al 2006}. Study casts are also valuable tool to evaluate occlusion {Hayasaki et al. 2005 } and to help in the treatment planning through diagnostic wax- up {Katsoulis J. et al. 2008}. Moreover, radiographic and surgical templates can be constructed out of such study models {Lal K.et al. 2006; Katsoulis J. et al. 2008 Rubio-Serrano M. et al 2008}. Bone sounding No doubt that the direct measurement {DM} of the ridge size is the most accurate diagnostic tool. However, treatment planning especially in the big cases calls for collecting information before surgery. This saves time and money, avoids the unexpected complicated surgeries like harvesting bone for ridge augmentation and increases the predictability of the treatment. When ridge mapping {RM} is compared to direct measurement {DM} of the ridge size and to Linear tomography {LT} cone beam computerized tomography {CBCT}; ridge mapping {RM} seems to be the most reliable pre- operative clinical method to determine the ridge size {Perez L.A. 2005 Chen L.C. 2008}., linear tomography is reported to underestimate the ridge size {Perez L.A. 2005} while cone beam computerized tomography is reported to overestimate the ridge measurements {Chen L.C. 2008}. However, ridge mapping is not only an invasive procedure but also a difficult to use in the cases of shallow labial and/or lingual vestibules. Additionally, in ridge mapping the actual position of the inferior alveolar nerve cannot be verified {Perez L.A. 2005 Chen L.C. 2008}. Conventional two dimensional radiography: Actually, conventional 2-D radiography {panoramic, cephalometric and intraoral views}, which is widely used for the treatment planning, has important diagnostic limitations, such as magnification and distortion, setting errors and position artifacts {Tyndall D.A. Brooks S.L.; 2000 White SC et al, 2001}. Moreover, these 2-D radiographs do not show lingual anatomy or provide complete three dimensional (3-D) information about the dental arch {Nikzad and Azari. 2008 }. These limitations make the 2-d radiography is less than optimal tool for the diagnosis and treatment planning of dental implants; where according to recommendations provided by The American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (AAMOR), The aim of the preoperative dental implant treatment planning is to place the optimum number and size of implants to secure the best prosthetic outcome. This can be achieved only if a thorough knowledge of the patients bony anatomy in 3- dimensions is provided in the radiographic exa mination . Proper treatment planning requires that the clinician evaluate the suitability of the remaining bone for placement of implants. The clinician must determine if there is enough height, density, width of bone, and an appropriate axis of orientation for a successful prosthetic outcome { Tyndall D.A. Brooks S.L 2000 White SC et al, 2001}. CT scanning Although Computerized Tomography {CT} scans have been used in the medical field since 1973; it was not before 1987 when this new technology became available for dental purpose {Ganz S.D, 2001}. In implant dentistry; Computerized Tomography {CT} scan is one of the most important diagnostic tools which significantly improved the clinicians ability to diagnose and to put accurate treatment plan because it helps in viewing the anatomy and dental related anomalies of the jaws {Dula K. et al. 1994; Abrahams JJ Berger SB,1998 AbrahamsJ.J. Hayt M.W.,1999 Lal K. et al. 2006}and in the proper choice of implant size and angulation and this in turn helps to avoid injury of critical structures such as the mandibular canal or maxillary sinus {Ganz S.D,2001; Scaravilli MS, et al 2009 Naitoh et al. 2010}. Moreover the CT scan allows the visualization of the scanned jaw bone in a series of cross sectional, axial and panoramic views .This makes the planning of implant placement more precise in relation to the bone and future prosthesis especially when the a radiographic template {scano-guide} is used during scanning{Lal K.et al. 2006 Rubio-Serrano M. et al 2008 }.However CT scan by itself is nothing but series of axial and coronal 2-D images and the clinician needs to integrate such images in his mind to gain the desired information in 3-D {Gillespie J.E. Isherwood I.1986}. Interactive software programs: The present development of clinical computer applications allows the clinicians to obtain 3-D models to plan virtually real situations {Rubio-Serrano M. et al 2008}. Interactive computer software is now increasingly used as a tool for implant diagnosis, planning and treatment execution. Firstly, it is used in connection with imaging techniques, such as computerized tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) { Hassfeld S, MÃ ¼hling J 2001}. Secondly, it is used for the construction of surgical templates carrying the information necessary to transfer that planning to the mouth of the patient. In most of the cases, this procedure is based on stereolithographic models { Ewers R . et al 2005 Ganz S.D. 2005 , Schneider D. et al 2009 }. There are different commercialized soft ware programs are available, such as: Implametric, SimPlant { Ganz S.D. 2005 Parel SM Triplett RG 2004}, Nobel Guide {Rocci A et al. 2003}, med3D { Engelke W Capobianco M. 2005}, etc. Most of the programs display an axial cut and a panoramic cut with multiple bucco-lingual cuts {parasagittal} and reformatted 3-D image {Parel SM Triplett RG 2004}. In the 3D image, bony structures are visualized with the possibility of incorporating other anatomical structures or even soft tissues {Schneider D. et al 2009}. Bone density One of the good tools in the software programs is the ability to evaluate the bone density {quality} during the analysis of CT data. The importance of bone quality {density} for the success of dental implants is agreed on in the literature { Jemt T, Lekholm U 1995; Esposito M et al 1998; Shahlaie et al 2003 Park et al 2008}.As suggested by Lindh et al.1996 Site-specific measurements are important, not only for a general prediction of treatment prognosis but also in the evaluation of how long of an interval between first- and second-stage surgical procedure and loading is needed { Friberg B et al 1991,1995a 1995b}. Moreover, to have accurate preoperative measurements of the bone density helps in avoiding the placement of the implants in the areas of poor quality {Norton M.R. and Gamble C. 2001 Shahlaie et al 2003}. The strong correlation between the average CT number and the concentration of hydroxyapatite in bone is reported {Maki et al 1997}, and the quantitative CT in Hounsfield units {HU} are accepted as a valuable supplement to the subjective bone density classification defined by Lekholm and Zarb {1985}. The Hounsfield index is a standardized scale for reporting the reconstructed CT values. It is a measure of the attenuation coefficient which varies among different tissues, it is based on the density of air (-1000),water (0) and dense bone(1000){ Shapurian T. et al. 2006}. Misch CE {1993} stated that the bone density measurements using CT scan is more accurate than radiographic assessment. And he classified bones into 5 categories according to density: D1 bone had density above 1250 HU; D2 = 850-1250 HU; D3 = 350-850 HU; D4 = 150-350 HU; and D5, below150 HU. For this, the use of CT scanning and interactive software programs is considered as a viable and accurate method to measure bone den sity {Norton M.R. and Gamble C. 2001 Shahlaie et al 2003}. Recently, efforts in the oral imaging field have focused on developing tools that accurately and automatically measure bone density by measurements of x-ray absorption{ de Oliveira R. C. G. et al. 2008}. Thanks to such efforts, now the CT images in DICOM {Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine} format contain the required data of bone density which enables the different software programs can measure it {Norton M.R. and Gamble C. 2001 Park et al 2008}. Bone graft volume Accurate evaluation of the 3-D bone volume before surgery is another advantage of the use of soft ware programs in the treatment planning in implant dentistry. The lack of enough bone volume frequently precludes the conventional implant placement. In this condition the bone volume needs to be improved by different augmentation techniques and /or materials {Esposito M. et al, 2008}.The detailed information about the needed bone volume before surgery is of much help in determining the best donor site { Krennmair G. et al 2006 Verdugo F. et al 2009} and can help in estimating the amount and costs of the xenographic bone substitute required for the augmentation surgery{Clavero J. Lundgren S. 2003}. Moreover, knowing the needed bone volume in advance helps in minimizing the duration of the surgery and this in turn minimizes the chances of complications and reduces the expenses for the patients {Cricchio G. Lundgren S.2003}. The computerized tomography {CT} can produce series of accurate cross sectional images and by the aid of soft ware programs like Simplant {Materialise, Leuven, Belgium} the 3-D volume of area to be augmented can be calculated {Hatano N. et al. 2004 Krennmair G. et al. 2006}. Flapless implant surgery: Predictable flapless implant surgery is one of the fruits of the application of modern technology like CT scan, interactive software programs and CAD/CAM fabricated surgical guides {Sclar A.G. 2007}. Minimal invasive surgery techniques are applied to a wide variety of interventions. The main aim is to reduce the costs of the treatment and patient healing time {Rubio-Serrano M et al 2008 Valente F. et al 2009}. The traditional implant protocol set by Branemark requires a duration of a few months for osseointegration of the endosseous implants before the connection of definitive dental prostheses {Adell R. et al 1981; Branemark PI 1983 Lindquist LW et al 1996}. When compared with the surgical phases, implant prosthesis fabrication is relatively time consuming {Rodrigues AH et al, 2003}. When implants are placed without flap elevation, both the amount of osseointegration and bone height around the implants are significantly greater than in implants placed with flap elevation. This enhancement is most probably due to the preservation of bone vascularization {Pennel B.M. et al 1967; Wilderman M.N et al. 1970 Jeong S-M et al 2007}. Moreover, the small sized punched mucosa lead to small, clean, closed wounds are known to heal quickly with little scar formation, whereas large open wounds heal slowly and with significant scarring{ Mathes S.J.,2006 Lee D-H et al. 2009}.18 D.C. Sabiston and H.K. Lyerly, Textbook of previous termsurgery,next term Saunders, The biological basis of modern surgical practice. Philadelphia (1997) p. 207-20. Recently, the use of flapless surgery for implant placement has become popular. This can be attributed to its numerous advantages that include improved patient comfort and healing, decreased surgical time, and the ability to resume normal hygiene procedures immediately following surgery. However, the flapless approach is only indicated when the surgeon is confident that the underlying osseous anatomy is ideal relative to the planned implant size and its 3-D position in the alveolus. If this is not the case; many problems may arise like: injury of the unseen vital structures, thermal damage secondary to inadequate irrigation during osteotomy preparation, malposed angle or depth of implant placement, and inability to appropriately contour osseous topography to facilitate restorative procedures {Sclar A.G. 2007 Van De Velde T. et al. 2007}. For this, the use of the conventional flapless implant placement should be limited to clinicians with advanced clinical experience and good surgical assessment {Sclar A.G. 2007}. By no

New Deal :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Franklin Roosevelt’s â€Å"optimism and activism that helped restore the badly shaken confidence of the nation† (pg. 467 Out of Many), was addressed in the New Deal, developed to bring about reform to the American standard of living and its low economy. It did not only make an impact during the Great Depression. Although, many of the problems addressed in the New Deal might have been solved, those with the long lasting effect provide enough evidence to illustrate how great a success the role of the New Deal played out in America’s history to make it what it is today. Although, the growth of business was booming and consumption was extremely high during the 1920’s employers failed to equally distribute the benefits to its industrial workers who got the short end of the stick and did not see any profit from productivity. Since there was no law at the time established on how many hours a person was to work and get paid, employers would overwork and underpay the laborers. This became a major problem because it brought about high unemployment rates, which for laborers, the shortage of jobs meant strong competition among each other for finding and keeping a job, and low wages, which brought down consumption. Several of the policies created to specifically help the jobless during that time were, Emergency Relief Appropriations Act (1935) run by the Public Works Administration (PWA), designed for the construction of public building, roads, dams and other projects. Federal Project No. 1, also run by PWA, gave jobs to writers, musicians, and artist. â€Å"The idea was to provide jobs and thus, stimulate the economy through increased consumer spending†. (pg 469 Out of Many)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most benefited policies created through the New Deal for employment, one, the Social Security Act (1935), provides â€Å"old-aged pensions and unemployment insurance. A payroll tax on workers and their employers were created a fund from which retirees received monthly pensions after age sixty-five.† (pg 470 Out of Many) Second, National Labor Relations Act (1935), also known as the Wagner Act, gave Americans the right to form a union and bargain with their employers for better pay and working conditions. Third, and the most important one of all Fair Labor Standard Act (1938), it established a minimum wage and maximum hours for an employee.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Roosevelt’s first order of business as President was to put a halt on the banking system. Congress passed the Emergency Bank Act, which gave him leeway to all banking transactions and foreign exchange.

Modern US history

As an intellectual enterprise, contemporary social sciences are replete with claims of social collapse. Over the last 20 years, scholars have proclaimed â€Å"the end of history,† â€Å"the end of politics,† â€Å"the end of work,† â€Å"the end of the family,† â€Å"the end of liberalism,† â€Å"the end of medicine,† â€Å"the end of ideology,† â€Å"the end of individualism.† There is little doubt that we are experiencing massive social change. As we are approaching the year’s end, something new is emerging, helter-skelter, in our midst that bears little resemblance to any existing political, theological, or sociological model of how the world is supposed to work. The social shifts are sufficiently different in character to have produced a new social form, one suitably widespread and anchored to become visible. This claim of a new social form lies at the heart of the postmodern contention that we have entered an era of ambiguity, and we argue that postmodernists advance this claim in a way that sociologist cannot ignore. While they are right on target in capturing the spirit of rapid social change that characterizes the present era, their embrace of the resulting â€Å"chaos† as a new social form is misguided: they mistake an era of societal transition for a new enduring social structure or even a hybrid of modern society. In historical perspective, what we are now experiencing bears a striking similarity to the place on the cultural and historical map that created sociology at the end of the last century. Rising suicide rates, the growing prominence of Protestant countries and the subsequent demise of Catholicism’s hold on the Western world, and the movement from agricultural to industrial production all have their parallels in the current social era. Rather than embracing the change and ambiguity they surveyed, and mistaking it for what â€Å"modern† society would be. One of the major tasks of sociology at the turn of this year is to struggle to understand the new institutional and personal structures that characterize contemporary social forms and not abdicate to other disciplines the task of making sense of emergent societal transitions and structures. A widespread belief seems to be emerging that the U.S. economy is in the throes of a fundamental transformation. The true enthusiasts treat the new economy as a fundamental industrial revolution as great or greater in importance than the concurrence of inventions, particularly electricity and the internal combustion engine, which transformed the world at the turn of the year. There is no dispute that the U.S. economy is awash in computer investment that productivity has revived. Economists have long been ambivalent about what social interactions constitute the proper domain of the discipline. The narrower view has been that economics is primarily the study of markets, a circumscribed class of institutions in which persons interact through an anonymous process of price formation. Throughout much of the twentieth century, mainstream economics traded breadth for rigor. In the first half of the century, institutional economics, which thought broadly but loosely about social interactions, gradually gave way to the neoclassical theory of general competitive markets. A pivotal development was the transformation of labor economics from a field narrowly concerned with work for pay into one broadly concerned with the production and distributional decisions of families and households. The important development was the emergence in macroeconomics of endogenous growth theory. Whereas classical growth theory assumed that the production technology available to an economy is exogenous, endogenous growth theory supposes that today’s technology may depend have been influenced by the past output of the economy. The broadening of economic theory has coincided with new empirical research by economists on social interactions. Unfortunately, the empirical literature has not shown much progress. Economics has sufficed with a remarkably small set of basic concepts: preferences, expectations, constraints and equilibrium. Widespread literacy is alleged to be indispensable to popular government. Dramatic changes in communication technologies which are said to affect exposure to traditional print media-we need to look afresh at reading’s political impact. Learning to read is a political act. Inability to read limits an individual’s participation in community life. It was probably for this reason that slaves in the antebellum South were kept illiterate. Even today, a connection between literacy and citizenship exists in evidence showing that persons who read are more likely than those who do not identify with larger political communities. American people are haunted by Old World hegemonies and hence are committed to individualism and modernism for philosophical and practical reasons. American people are a restless and contentious lot producing a kaleidoscope of attitudes about most social issues. The American people can be found in the election turnout figures and in gross economic indicators, to e sure, but they are more than that; they are also the meanings of their behaviors. Raised on a diet of political supremacy and technocratic invincibility, the American people were shaken to the core by 9/11. Shortly thereafter, a number of bromides caught the national ear: â€Å"America has lost its innocence forever,† â€Å"this is the first war of the twenty-first century,† â€Å"the U.S. just joined the world of nations.† At some point, history may prove these claims true. But 9/111 has already shown something more heartening: the functionality of a longstanding communal discourse. Admittedly, that discourse is shot through with contradictions and impossible overstatements. That contradictions and overstatements can prove sustaining to a people is a curious fact-an American fact. Reference: Zinn, Howard. A People’s History of the United States. Available on-line: http://www.historyisaweapon.com/zinnapeopleshistory.html.

What Can

What Can English "What can I expect in College?" On this interview I decided to choose someone very close to me. This person has lived with me, my entire life. Since I was born till now and all those hard moments in between. This person is my sister. My sisters' name is _________. Her college experience began when she first entered LaGuardia Community College, where she received her associates' degree in ________, within a period of 2 years. _____ than went on to Queens College to further her education and received her Bachelors degree. She enjoyed her years in college so much that she is currently planning to enroll into college again to receive her Masters Degree.Her College's as she told were fairly easy academically, unless you decided not to study and slack off on your work. At first it was hard, not many professors care much about how students do, in that they feel it is not their concern, if one of their students pass or not.English: Larry Hama speaking at LaGuardia Communit...

Persepolis Essays

Persepolis Essays Persepolis Paper Persepolis Paper Effects of Violence on Marli Although violence is intended to harm someone, there can be positive effects in certain situations. In MarJane Satrapis personal memoir, Persepolis, it is shown that Marli is exposed toa large amount of violence in her life, and in turn, it has affected her in many ways. The negative effect on her life include the emotional scarring that entails deaths from violence and also her increased violent tendencies. A positive effect of violence on MarJis adolescence is that she becomes more mature and is able to stand up for herself. MarJis exposure to the difficult times around her define ho she is as an individual, how she behaves, and how she matures. As a child is growing up, the people around them affect them greatly, and the violence around Marli and her life is emotionally scarring to her. Her Uncle Anoosh was executed for being a Russian spy, and she cared for him greatly. After she receives the news, she is visited by her image of God, and during this brief appearance she shouts at him, saying, Shut up, you! Get out of my life!!! I never want to see you again! (Satrapi 70). This quote is quite strong for MarJi; it is shouted in a iolent manner that is fairly unusual for her. She is very torn up about the situation that is at hand, which in itself is aggressive, and she is trying to cope. Usually this God is a comforting friend, a figment of her imagination that she created to try to understand the world around her. In this case, she feels that it is his fault that her uncle was executed. She tells him to leave because she doesnt trust him, especially since she is in a unstable, mourning condition. In the image Marli is standing on her bed, pointing to guide God to leave her. God looks sad or disappointed, but almost ike he expected it, and is accepting of his banishment, which could translate to him feeling guilty about the situation. The blackened background gives the impression that the main idea is her and God and also that she is starting to feel lost in her sadness and the enormity of the fact at hand. The way she is standing on the bed gives her power when she is possibly weak, making her seem taller and steadier. Another more graphic case of violence in MarJis life was the bombing near her house. Her neighbors house was bombed, and it is inferred that they were killed. After seeing what she believes is a hand, she explains, No scream in the world could have relieved my suffering and my anger (Satrapi 142). She was friends with her neighbor and is very difficult to have such a harsh visual in front of her. It was especially traumatizing for Marli because it was so close to her home and she must have thought of the possibility of that being her family. The panel for this phrase is just darkness, which expresses MarJis grief and her emotions clouding her thinking. She cant think of anything other than mute blackness because of the shock she feels. In both of these situations, someone close to Marli has been brutally killed, whether it be by assassination or bombing. Marli has been through a lot in her life, but deaths like this will stay with her forever and affect the weight of her memories. Prolonged exposure to certain behaviors can lead to slight mirroring of these habits which applies to Marli and her violent tendencies. She is susceptible to the of being fierce, threatening, and occasionally rude. For example, when Marli is very young, she hears that her friend Ramins father killed thousands of people, and creates a plan to punish him. She explains that her idea was to put nails between our fingers like American brass knuckles and to attack Ramin (Satrapi 45). Marli clarifies that she got the idea from hearing about American brass knuckles, something that should not be conveyed to young children. She came to the conclusion that Ramin should be punished very easily, only discovering it from word of mouth. According to Ramin, his father only killed evil communists. Based on this information, it can be inferred that Marli acted severely and irrationally, and effect of her exposure to the issues around her. In the image, Marli and a few of her friends re stomping through the streets, looking for Ramin, who is hiding behind a tree, looking very scared. The expression MarJis face and her stance is very similar to the panels that show protests and demonstrations. The tree that Ramin is hiding behind has only a single leaf on its otherwise bare branches, which could show the lack of protection Ramin has. Marli is very strong willed and opinionated and this is shown through her actions, such as when she is influenced by violence and destruction around her. After she learns that Iraqi bombs were dropped on Tehran, she reacts uickly, exclaiming, The Iraqis have always been our enemies. They want to invade us We have to bomb Baghdad! (Satrapi 81-2). Marli has been exposed to the bombings around her and she immediately wants to respond in a negative way, by fighting fire with fire. For an adolescent, these are strong topics to be dealing with and her voice on the matter is very aggressive. She is very adamant about the decisions she makes, even if she doesnt know all the information. Marli has a habit of being determined about a subject to show confidence and it also works to cover he fact that she might not know all the information. In both these images, Marli is angry and she seems to look like she believes that these behaviors are the obvious answers. She is very strong in her posture and she is defying her father in the first image, showing that she believes she is right and needs to show him that. In the second image, she is saying it in a matter of fact tone, and she has her feet on the table, a symbol of rebellion and confidence. She thinks that she knows they answer and wants to be strong willed about it. Although violence has a negative connotation, it does have the positive effect of ausing Marli to mature and act older than her true age. Ever since she was young, Marli has been fairly independent and opinionated. In her school life, she has talked back to her teachers multiple times. For example, when she wears her bracelet after a warning from the principal, she exclaims, With all the Jewelry you steal from us, you must be making a pile of money (Satrapi 143). This response is followed by Marli hitting the principal and being expelled. This may seem like a bad thing for MarJi, and it is, but it also shows her willingness to stand up for what she believes in. She showed that she is confident and doesnt want to listen to authority figures with whom she doesnt agree. She is an independent young women and her ability to stand up for herself will be useful as she grows up. I think MarJis expression in this panel is key. She looks angry, surprised, and almost disgusted. She knows what she believes is right and she doesnt want anyone to tell her otherwise. The principal is which almost Justifies MarJis action to hit her. Afterward, she apologizes to the principal, because of her natural instinct to try to lessen the severity of a situation. I hink she acts irrationally in this instance because she has learned that in dangerous or violent situations, she needs to act in a way that exerts her confidence and dominance. I believe that the formation of these behaviors is due to Marli toughening her personality to deal with the brutality surrounding her. Another example of MarJis maturing behavior is the cigarette she smokes. As she tried her first one, she said With this first cigarette, I kissed my childhood goodbye (Satrapi 117). She was using the cigarette as an act of rebellion against her moms dictatorship, but this is eflected with the executions of the regimes oppositions and the violence around her in general. Marli feels the need to rebel because she sees her mother as the dictator of the household and rebelling against her is correlated with rebelling against the revolution. It is well know that cigarettes are incredibly destructive to your health and they represent the violence to which Marli is exposed. She sees this act as her development into a grown-up. Being mature in her society is necessary because otherwise it is difficult to support yourself. As it turns out, Marli had to move away rom her family so her independence and growth will help her in her new life. In the final panel, where she dismisses her childhood, Marli looks confident and sure of herself and her decisions. The black background shows that this is an intense situation and all the attention should be focused on Marli and her actions. In the panel before, Marli was crying due to the cigarette but also due to the ideas entailed with smoking a cigarette and the loss of her childhood. She stopped crying for the last panel to show that she isnt afraid and she is ready for what adulthood could try o throw at her. In conclusion, violence has both negative and positive effects on MarJi. There is expected emotional scarring from the visual violence around her and as an individual, she develops a few violent behaviors. On the other hand, Marli has become more independent and grown-up, almost forcefully, from her exposure to the violence around her. Marli was living in a life surrounded by turmoil and destruction and she had nearly no choice but to endure the difficulties around her and work through them, leading to her growth into a stronger individual.

Nicole Krauss' The History of Love Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nicole Krauss' The History of Love - Essay Example These ideas are illustrated in the life of the characters in the novel, particularly Leo Gursky. In the novel, change is commonly associated with distance, and Krauss illustrates this idea in the life of Gursky. As for Gursky, the world after the war and the departure of Alma has changed considerably that he resolved to isolate himself from the rest of the world. In the statement, it seems that Gursky holds on to the thought of meeting the sender of the letter because he hopes to find a connection between himself and the world outside his own emotional confines. The statement is also related to the line â€Å"the physical distance between two people using a string was often small; sometimes the smaller the distance, the greater the need for the string† (111). Considering the changes that occurred in his life, Gursky attempts to bridge the gap between himself and the fast pace of the changing world. The statement also shows the inevitability of sadness due to loving and losing someone. Throughout the novel, Krauss illustrates the beauty of life and loving; however, she does not fail to show the sad part of those aspects of life. Specifically, Krauss illustrates the plight of Gursky as the effects of losing someone. Further, Krauss states the inevitability of sadness in the line: â€Å"there are two types of people in the world; those who prefer to be said among others, and those who prefer to be sad alone† (155). With this statement, Krauss seems to generalize that all people are sad; people just handle their loneliness in different ways. In relation to what Krauss states in page 233, this line supports the idea that anticipation bridges distances. It allows people, particularly the sad ones, to establish a connection in the world and distance themselves from the deteriorating effects of isolation. In the holistic view, the statement serves as the general idea of the novel; it illustrates the idea that life is full of surprises as depicted in the l ives of the characters. The beauty of the novel lies in its capacity to spur the imagination of its readers. The statement is also related to the line: â€Å"all possible feelings do not exist, there are still those that lie beyond our capacity and our imagination† (107). With this line, Krauss puts value on imagination, particularly in the life of Gursky as he deals with the realities of life, and the illusions of his past. As what Krauss said in page 233, life is full of surprises that can alter our direction in life, particularly in relation to the people and events that we are accustomed to. With this statement, Krauss suggests that people should be open to the opportunities that may come in life, notwithstanding the fact that those opportunities have the capacity either to hurt, or please us. Although the novel is characterized with Krauss’ prolific and metaphorical use of language, the statement emerges as the most striking line as it captures the overall signifi cance of the novel, particularly in its broader context of live, loving, and change. At the onset of the story and throughout its unfolding, Krauss establishes the complexities of living, particularly in dealing with loss and loneliness. The structure of the novel is complex as it involves a variety of literary techniques including the use of â€Å"

The Christian View of Scripture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Christian View of Scripture - Essay Example However, what is the difference between strict and limited inerrancy? Is it just another â€Å"interpretation† mechanism used to appease those around us? Knowing whether the Bible is reliable or not is what thousands of scholars try to prove or disprove on a daily basis. Some scholars write books, some preach and others just take it all in with the hopes that when it all comes down to the last days, what God said in the Bible will be true. Things will line up, things will make sense. It will be like a math problem with an obvious answer. The problem is that there is no obvious answer. According to Theopedia, an online resource, inerrancy is â€Å"the view that when all the facts become known, they will demonstrate that the bible, in its original autographs and correctly interpreted is entirely true and never false in all it affirms†¦Ã¢â‚¬  But there have been so many translations of the Bible, who is to know which one isâ€Å"Original† in all it affirms? This que stion has puzzled many Bible readers, and theologians. Another question that has puzzled people more is whether there is a difference between strict and limited inerrancy. Which one is more convincing and why? Limited inerrancy, according to Spotlight Ministries, is the idea that what God intends to convey in scripture, or the message of scripture, is without error.